Theological and Philosophical Biography and Dictionary

THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
BIOGRAPHY AND GLOSSARY

Kaftan, Julius Wilhelm Martin:

(1848-1926) professor at Basel and Berlin; wrote The Truth of the Christian Religion; Ritschlian.

Kagawa, Toyohiko:

(1888-1960) Japanese evangelist and social worker.

Kahler, Martin:

(1835-1912) German theologian; distinguished between Historie and Geschichte; distinguished between Jesus of history and Christ of faith; influenced Bultmann.

Kalthoff, Albert:

(1850-1906) Lutheran pastor; wrote Die Entstehung des Christentums; influenced by Marxist ideas; Christianity began as a rise of a society where Paul joined the ideas of Judaism and Roman/Greek philosophy.

Kant, Immanuel:

(1724-1804) German philosopher; tried to unite rationalism and empiricism; wrote 1. Religion Within the Bounds of Reason, 2. Critique of Pure Reason, 3. Critique of Practical Reason, and 4. Critique of Judgment. Regarding his theory of reality: reality as "thing-in-itself" (Ding an sich) or as noumena is unknowable. Noumena present themselves to minds as phenomena which are knowable. Phenomena are the joint product of mind and sense data. Phenomena are possible only because mind is capable of ordering them in space and time. Mind knows only what it orders in space and time according to the principle of causality as phenomena or experience. Mind cannot know what it is as "thing-in-itself." Mind knows only phenomena.

KANT'S ANTINOMIES:

The mutually contradictory ideas of metaphysics which Kant used to illustrate the impossibility of knowing the ultimate nature of the world.

KANTIANISM:

a form of Phenomenalism. Called critical or transcendental idealism. Knowledge is the joint product of mind (knower) and phenomena (sense data). Phenomena arise from noumena. Only phenomena (sense data) are knowable as factual or scientific knowledge because the mind possesses the requisite faculties that make possible the experience and the organization of this knowledge. See Neo-Kantianism

Käsemann, Ernst:

(1906-1998) wrote 1. Essays on New Testament Themes and 2. Jesus Means Freedom; post-Bultmannian; new search for historical Jesus.

Keach, Benjamin:

(1640-1704) British Baptist preacher; introduced congregational singing into his services. Wrote Exposition of the Parables.

Keble, John:

(1792-1866) a founder of Tractarian or Oxford movement; friend of John Henry Newman; wrote The Christian Year.

Kelman, John:

(1864-1929) British Presbyterian assistant to Alexander Whyte.

Kelvin:

see Thomson, William

Kempis, Thomas a:

(c1379-1471) German monk; wrote The Imitation of Christ; emphasized withdraw from attractions of the world.

Kennedy, Gerald:

(1907-1980) US Methodist.

Kepler, Thomas:

(1897-1963) US Quaker.

KERYGMATIC:

See Kerygmatic theology

KERYGMATIC THEOLOGY:

Unlike natural theology which reasons from the facts of the world to God. Knowledge of God is initiated by God in revelation.

Ketcham, Robert:

(1889-1978) US Baptist preacher; founded General Association of Regular Baptist Churches that split from Northern (now American) Baptist Convention.

Kierkegaard, Soren Aabye:

(1813-1855) Danish existentialist philosopher and theologian; attacked organized Christianity in Denmark; grandfather of neo-orthodoxy; wrote 1. The Concept of Dread, 2. Philosophical Fragments, 3. Either/Or, 4. Fear and Trembling, and 5. Concluding Unscientific Postscript. "The individual is the category through which this age, all history, the human race as a whole must pass." The particular existing individual is the primary category. The real is the particular (not the rational or universal, as in Hegel). Kierkegaard's opposition to Hegel is shown in his theory that the existing particular self is prior to any concept of a universal self. For Hegel, each self is an instance of the universal by virtue of which the particular is a self (i.e., what is thought to be a self). Essence (what is thought and is universal) precedes existence (i.e., what is concretely lived by the particular subject). Thought is the universal essence of things in Hegel; Kierkegaard reverses the priority of thought and existence. For him, to think is to act. To think about death meaningfully, for example, is to experience and to accept the finitude of one's own particular existence not to refer to the general concept of death. It is to know that one must die his own death. Conceptual thinking is abstract, impersonal, and passive; existential thinking is concrete, personal, and passionate (i.e., subjective). Existential.

KINETIC:

See Kinetic principle and Kinetic theory of physical reality

KINETIC PRINCIPLE:

All physical realities are explainable in terms of atomic matter in motion (materialism and reductionism).

KINETIC THEORY OF PHYSICAL REALITY:

Forerunner of modern particle theories. Holds five principles: Kinetic principle, principle of causality, principle of uniformity, Principle of quantification, Principle of Conservation.

King, Henry Churchill:

(1858-1934) professor at Oberlin College, Ohio; wrote 1. The Ethics of Jesus and 2. Reconstruction in Theology; Ritschlian.

King, Martin Luther, Jr.:

(1929-1968) Black US pastor and civil rights leader; organized Southern Christian Leadership Conference; advocated non-violent action against racial segregation; applied Gandhi's "civil disobedience" philosophy to the race problems; Nobel Peace Prize in 1964; assassinated.

Kingsley, Charles:

(1819-1875) Anglican pastor; social reformer; tried to integrate Christianity and science; evolutionist; against asceticism; against Oxford movement; liberal but became conservative in his later years; wrote novels.

Kirk, Edward N.:

(1802-1874) US Presbyterian pastor in Boston for 30 years.

Kirkland, John Thornton:

(1770-1840) US Congregational liberal preacher of morals and ethics; Unitarian leanings; President of Harvard University

Kirwen, Walter Blake:

(1754-1805) Church of Ireland preacher.

KNOWING:

* (knowledge situation) See Knowing (knowledge situation)

KNOWLEDGE:

See A posteriori knowledge; A priori knowledge; Epistemology; Genetic theory of knowledge; Skepticism; Knowing (knowledge situation); Knowledge by description; and Knowledge by acquaintance

KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE:

* (Russell)

KNOWLEDGE BY DESCRIPTION:

* (Russell)

KNOWLEDGE SITUATION):

See Knowing (knowledge situation)

Knox, John:

(c1513-1572) Scottish Reformer; established Calvinism in Scotland; wrote 1. The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Womenand 2. History of the Reformation of Religion Within the Realm of Scotland. Influenced by Thomas Gwilliam and George Wishart; spent 1Ť years as a galley slave.

Knox, Ronald A.:

(1888-1957) British Roman Catholic preacher who began as an evangelical Anglican.

Kohler, Wolfgang:

(1887-1967) Wrote Gestalt Psychology. The mind is the organized and dynamic structure of the whole of experience and behavior. Mind is "the structural correspondence of excitory fields in the brain with the experienced contents of consciousness" (isomorphism). Mental phenomena occur and interact in fields. There is "a psycho-physiological correspondence between experienced order in space and time and the underlying dynamical context of physiological processes." Mind is therefore the form or function of body.

Koller, Charles:

(1896-____) US Baptist preacher.

Krummacher, Friedrich:

(1796-1868) German Reformed leader. Wrote 1. Elijah the Tishbite and 2. The Suffering Saviour: Meditations on the Last Days of Christ.

Küng, Hans:

(1928-____) Swiss Roman Catholic theologian; wrote The Church and Justification; advocated reforms adopted by Vatican II; said true Roman Catholic view of justification is same as protestant view; against doctrine of infallibility of pope; deposed as Roman Catholic teacher.

Kuyper, Abraham:

(1837-1920) Dutch Reformed theologian, pastor, politician (Dutch prime minister); broke with liberal school; formulated classical Dutch Calvinistic theology; emphasized topical not expository preaching. Wrote The Problem of Poverty.

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