THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
BIOGRAPHY AND GLOSSARY


Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste Henri:
(1802-1861) French Roman Catholic preacher.


Lactantius, Lucius:
(c 240-320) Italian preacher and apologist.


Lake, Kirsopp:
(1872-1946) Controversial writer; doubted story of empty tomb.


LAMARCKIAN HYPOTHESIS OF EVOLUTION:
*

La Mettrie, Julien Jean Offray de:
(1709-1751)


Landels, William:
(1823-1899) Scottish Baptist pastor in London for 28 years; opposed Spurgeon on the "Down Grade Controversy."


LANGUAGE:
See Expressive function of language; Ideal language philosophy; Language games; Ordinary language philosophy; Prescriptive function of language; Referential function of language; and Religious language

LANGUAGE GAMES:
* (Wittgenstein)

LANGUAGE PHILOSPHY:
See Ordinary language philosophy

Latimer, Hugh:
(c 1485-1555) British preacher and Reformer; Roman Catholic but denied authority of Rome; twice imprisoned by Henry VIII; burned at stake under Mary Tudor saying, "We shall this day light up such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out!"


Latourette, Kenneth Scott:
(1884-1968) Baptist missionary, church historian; taught in China and Yale. Wrote A History of Christianity.


Laud, William:
(1573-1645) Archbishop of Canterbury; advisor to Charles I; beheaded by Puritan Parliament for his persecution of Puritans and for trying to impose the Prayer Book on Scotland. Because of him, thousands of Puritans fled to New England.


Lausanne:
See Henry of Lausanne

Law, William:
(1686-1761) tried to refute Deist Tindal's arguments; God's actions are not always according to human reason; his devotional works influenced John Wesley; wrote 1. The Case of Reason and 2. A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, The Spirit of Love.


LAWS OF THOUGHT:
* (Aristotle)

Lawson, James:
(1538-1584) Successor to John Knox; his great zeal made him intolerant; fled Scotland.


Lee, Robert Greene:
(1886-1978) US Southern Baptist pastor in Memphis for 35 years; memorized his sermons.


LEGALISM:
*

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von:
(1646-1716) German philosopher; God has created the best of all possible worlds. Wrote Monadologie. Reality is a harmonious whole governed by the laws of mathematics and logic.


Leighton, Robert:
(1611-1684) wrote commentary on I Peter.


Leland, John:
(1691-1766) pastor in Ireland; against Deists.


Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich:
(1870-1924) Communism is the classless society; Christianity is just a tool of the ruling class to control the working class by the offer of the reward of the after-life; he changed Marx's view by introducing the idea of historical materialism.


Leo I (the Great):
(c 400-461) Pope; papal supremacy over imperial authority; persuaded Attila the Hun to stop raiding Rome.


Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim:
(1729-1781) German philosopher; rejected biblical revelation; prepared way for critical study of Bible and liberal theology


Leuba, James Henry:
(1867-1946) professor at Bryn Mawr College; wrote 1. A Psychological Study of Religion and 2. The Psychology of Religious Mysticism; Positivist; Naturalist.


Leucippus:
(c 475 BC) An atomist


Lever, Thomas:
(1521-1577) Anglican preacher; fled England; influenced by Calvin; returned to England; very outspoken.


Lewis, Clarence Irving:
(1883-1964) US philosopher, professor at Harvard, wrote 1. Survey of Symbolic Logic and 2. Mind and the World-Order. Held conceptual pragmatism: a version of the pragmatic theory of meaning, knowledge, and verification.


Lewis, Clive Staples:
(1898-1963) Anglican novelist, lay theologian, Arminian, apologetic to intellectuals; taught at Oxford and Cambridge


Lewis, Howell Elvet:
(1860-1953) Welsh Congregational preacher; hymnwriter.


LIBERALISM:
Sometimes called Modernism. Includes most Protestant religious philosophies that attempt a reconciliation of science, humanism, and traditional Christianity. Stresses the ethical teachings of Jesus and a social gospel. God is conceived as man's fellow worker in reforming the world. Human nature is essentially good. It says "Religion is a feeling of creaturely dependence on God" (Schleiermacher). Religion is that which "adds strength to frailty, fulfillment to frustration, wholeness to incompleteness" (Bewkes). See Protestant liberalism

LIBERTARIANISM:
Also called Indeterminism as a contrast with Determinism. Not all events (e.g., moral choices) are caused. The self is an agent with free will which transcends formed character and can act contrary to character or inclination in making moral choices. A person is free if and only if he could have acted or chosen differently. Determinism applies only to the person as observed, i.e., as empirical phenomena subject to laws, not to the self. Conscious or rational choice (act) and "being caused by x" are different things. Responsibility is possible either by acting according to inclinations that happen to be good or by acting contrary to inclinations that are not, as, e.g., in cases of moral temptation. Free will is a necessary condition of responsibility.

Liddon, Henry Parry:
(1829-1900) Anglican pastor; a leader in Tractarian or Oxford movement.


LIFE:
* See Life world

LIFE WORLD:
* (Husserl)

LIMITED:
See Limited theism

LIMITED THEISM:
*

LINE:
See Divided line

LINGUISTIC:
See Ideational theory of linguistic meaning; Linguistic meaning; Philosophical analysis; Ordinary language analysis; Meaning, linguistic theory; and Use theory of linguistic meaning

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS:
See Philosophical analysis or Ordinary language analysis *

LINGUISTIC MEANING:
* See Behavioral theory of linguistic meaning; Ideational theory of linguistic meaning; and Use theory of linguistic meaning

Livingstone, John:
(1603-1672) Scottish preacher; at age 27, his sermon resulted in conversion of 500 people.


Lloyd-Jones, David Martyn:
(1895-1981) Medical doctor turned preacher; Welsh Presbyterian; Calvinist; successor to G. Campbell Morgan at Westminster Chapel; wrote Preachers and Preaching. Many of his sermons have become classic examples of expository preaching.


Locke, John:
(1632-1704) British philosopher; first modern empiricist. A forerunner of Deism. Wrote 1. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and 2. The Reasonableness of Christianity. The mind at birth is a tabula rasa (blank tablet) on which are impressed experiences (impressions) which produce simple ideas. Simple ideas are joined by reflection to form complex ideas. Even abstract ideas such as cause, substance, or logical implication reduce to simple ideas. There are no universal, necessary or a priori innate ideas independent of experience (unlike Plato or Kant). Certain qualities (such as extension, shape, etc.) are presented to all knowers as the objective primary qualities. These give rise to the subjective. Revelation cannot contradict reason; knowledge comes by reflection on sensations.


LOCUTIONARY:
See Locutionary acts

LOCUTIONARY ACTS:
* (Austin)

LOGIC:
see Epistemology for contrast; also see Symbolic logic

LOGICAL:
See Logical positivism; Logical atomism; Logical constructs; Phenomenalism; Logical empiricism; Scientific empiricism; Logical explanation; Reasons, good; and Philosophical analysis

LOGICAL ANALYSIS:
See Philosophical analysis *

LOGICAL ATOMISM:
* (Russell, Wittgenstein)

LOGICAL CONSTRUCTS:
See also Phenomenalism *

LOGICAL EMPIRICISM:
See also Scientific empiricism *

LOGICAL EXPLANATION:
See also Reasons, good *

LOGICAL NECESSITY:
See Necessity, logical or metaphysical

LOGICAL POSITIVISM:
a form of Phenomenalism held by A. J. Ayer who stated that the neutral sense data are the ultimate units of experience which are given. Mind and matter are both logical constructs of actual or possible sense data, not metaphysical entities. Statements about mind (mental statements) or matter (physical object statements) are both fully translatable into sense data or observation statements.

LOGOS:
*

LOGOTHERAPY:
See Frankl

Loisy, Alfred Firmin:
(1857-1940) wrote 1. Autour d'un petit livre; 2. The Birth of the Christian Religion; and 3. L'Evangile et l'Eglise. Founder of French Roman Catholic modernism.


LOLLARDS:
a medieval Dissenting group were followers of John Wycliffe. Some were martyred, but many recanted when put on trial. They encouraged lay preachers; denied transubstantiation; encouraged use of Bible in English; pacifistic; condemned pilgrimages, auricular confession, and veneration of images; denied purgatory and priestly celibacy.

Lombard, Peter:
(c 1100-1160) Sometimes called Peter of Lombard. theologian; Bishop of Paris; standardized Roman Catholic theology; combined logic and devotional commitment; his view replaced by Aquinas. Wrote Four Books of Sentences. Said that the dilemmas of faith were to be resolved by reason. emphasized seven sacraments.


Longenecker, Richard N.:
Prof. of NT at Wycliffe College, Toronto; wrote Paul, Apostle of Liberty, The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity, The Ministry and Message of Paul, Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period, and "The Acts of the Apostles" in The Expositor's Bible Commentary

Lorimer, George C.:
(1838-1904) US Baptist; converted actor who became a Baptist preacher; memorized his sermons.


Lotze, Rudolph Hermann:
(1817-1881)German philosopher and psychologist


LOVE:
See Agapism Ethics of mysticism; Love, law and Agapism

LOVE, LAW:
See also Agapism *

Loyola, Ignatius:
see Ignatius of Loyola.

Lucar, Cyril:
(1572-1638) Calvinist Patriarch of Constantinople murdered by Muslims.


Luccock, Halford E.:
(1885-1961) US Meth. taught homiletics at Yale.


Lucretius:
(c 96-55 BC) Roman philosophical poet; disciple of Epicurus. After his wife gave him a love philtre, he went insane and committed suicide. He promoted Epicurean doctrine through his book De Rerum Natura which dealt with physics, psychology, and ethics.


Luther, Martin:
(1483-1546) Key figure of Reformation; excommunicated from Roman Catholics; his translation of the Bible standardized German language; married Katherin Bora; wrote profusely; 1. Ninety-five Theses, 2. On the Papacy at Rome, 3. Address to the German Nobility, 4. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 5. Larger Catechism, 6. Smaller Catechism, 7. Lectures on Romans, 8. Lectures on Galatians, 9. Table Talk, and 10. Bondage of the Will; wrote hymns saying that the Devil should not have all the best tunes; wrote "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God." He was influenced by Brethren of the Common Life.


LUTHERAN:
Those who hold to the basic views of Martin Luther.

LUTHERANISM:
*

Lyell, Charles:
(1797-1875) founder of modern geology; wrote Principles of Geology; the earth has changed slowly and gradually through the ages by means of processes that are still going on.


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